Uraian Naratif Teks beserta contohnya "Storytelling Narrative Text - Kancil and the Lion"

Nah bagi yang belum tahu atau masih bingung dengan narrative text, simak baik-baik ya artikel English Cafe Bali kali ini tentang pengertian narrative text dalam Bahasa Inggris beserta contohnya.

Siapa tahu nih nantinya kalian menemukan bacaan tentang narrative text pada reading test.

A. Pengertian Narrative Text dan contohnya

merujuk pada wikipedia,  narrative text adalah: “a narrative (or story) is any report of connected events, presented in a sequence of written or spoken words, and/or in a sequence of (moving) pictures”. Atau jika diterjemahkan,  Narrative text adalah jenis genre yang rangkaian peristiwa atau ceritanya dari waktu ke waktu dan dijabarkan dengan urutan awal, tengah dan akhir. Jadi harus kronologis, maksudnya kronologis itu diceritakan secara runtut dan tidak boleh loncat-loncat.

B. Tujuan Narrative Text

Tujuan dasar dari text narasi adalah untuk menghibur dan menarik minat pembaca dengan menyajikan cerita atau peristiwa yang memiliki masalah yang menimbulkan konflik dan pada akhir cerita ada resolusinya atau akhir yang bahagia atau bahkan menyedihkan. Sebenarnya teks narrative tidak hanya terbatas pada cerita yang berbau mistis, fiksi, legenda, dongeng ataupun fabel saja, tapi cerita lain yang berbentuk petualangan, misteri dan semua bentuk cerita. Intinya, narrative text adalah tentang cerita. Tapi dalam pelajaran di sekolah, teks yang bergenre naratif biasanya hanya digunakan untuk menunjukkan cerita fiksi seperti dongeng ataupun legenda saja.

Jika dilihat dari jenisnya, maka narrative text yang sering dimaksudkan oleh bapak ibu guru adalah termasuk kategori Narasi Sugestif, yaitu teks yang tujuannya agar pembaca mendapatkan hikmah dari sebuah cerita.

C. Struktur Umum

1. Orientasi : set adegan dan memperkenalkan para peserta.
2. Komplikasi : krisis, konflik, atau masalah muncul.
3. Resolusi : krisis atau masalah tersebut teratasi, untuk lebih baik atau lebih buruk.
4. Re-Orientasi : Opsional (tidak harus).

D. Ciri-ciri Redaksi Narrative Text

Jika kamu mendapat tugas untuk membuat sebuah tulisan dengan genre narrative text, maka ciri-ciri di bawah ini bisa dijadikan pedoman:

• Fokus pada satu tokoh atau pelaku dan biasanya individual sehingga biasanya menggunakan kata ganti seperti “I, we, she, he”.
• Paling sering menggunakan past tense baik itu simple past tense, past continuous, maupun bentuk past tense lainnya.
• Terkadang menggunakan dialog untuk mengajak pembaca berimajinasi sehingga ceritanya terlihat lebih jelas dan nyata.
• Karena berurutan (kronologis), maka biasanya juga menggunakan kata sambung (conjunction) agar cerita terlihat runtut atau urut.

Excample:Storytelling Narrative Text - Kancil and the Lion

Orientation

One day, kancil was so thirsty and wanted to drink to the river.

Near the river, he saw a big lion tried to eat a small rat. The rat was so desperate and could not do anything.

Kancil felt pity about him and he actually was also afraid of the lion. But kancil had to help the rat.

Complication

He thought hardly and he had an idea. He walked closer to the lion and said hello to them.

Kancil said, “Hi guys, you all looked so happy, what kind of game are you playing now?”

The Lion said, “How dare you come here small animal, who are you? Oh, lucky me, I can also eat you now. I’m so hungry.” The lion roared.

Kancil said, “I’m the king in the jungle. I’m not afraid of anything even human. I will eat everything that made me angry even it is a big animal like you.”

The lion was a little bit doubt about kancil.

He said, “You are a king? I don’t believe you. How come a small animal like you become a king? Can you prove me?”

Kancil said, “Of course you do not know me. You are a new comer here. I am a king and all animal in this jungle respects me because I am a strong animal that has no afraid of anything. You can ask that little rat if you do not believe me.”

The lion said to the rat, “Is that true poor rat?”

The rat already knew that Kancil said a lie and tried to help him.

The rat said, “Yes that is true. He is the king; a very brave king. “

The lion said: “Can you give me a proof? If you lie to me then I will eat you?”

Kancil said, “I eat a lion yesterday and I still save the head in the hole near the river. So, I am not afraid of you. Follow me to see your friend’s head in the hole.”

The lion began to scare. But he is too shy to be looked scared. The lion follow kancil to go to the hole near the river.

Resolution

Kancil said, “Here we go. I let you see that lion head. But you have to know that I will eat anyone who had seen that head. Just prepare yourself.”

The lion began trembling. He scarily looked inside the hole so that he did not clearly see something in the hole except the shadow of his head.

The lion thought that his shadow was the lion head that had been kept by kancil.

After seeing that hole, the lion run as fast as he could because he was afraid that kancil would eat him.

Kancil and the rat were laughing. There was nothing inside the hole except clear water so if anyone saw that hole in a day they would see their own shadow at the surface of the water.

Terjemahan Bahasa Indonesia Storytelling Narrative Text - Kancil dan Singa

Orientasi

Pada suatu hari, kancil sangat haus dan ia ingin minum di tepi sungai.

Di dekat sungai, ia melihat seekor singa besar hendak memakan tikus yang kecil. Tikus itu sangat putus asa dan tak bisa berbuat apa-apa.

Kancil merasa kasihan dengan tikus itu dan ia sebenarnya juga sangat takut dengan singa itu. Namun kancil harus menolong tikus itu.

Komplikasi

Ia berfikir keras dan akhirnya ia mendapatkan sebuah ide. Kancil berjalan mendekat ke arah singa dan tikus dan menyapa mereka berdua.

Kancil berkata, “Halo kawan-kawan, kalian berdua tampak sangat senang, permainan apa yang sedang kalian mainkan?”

Singa menjawab,“Berani-beraninya kamu datang ke sini binatang kecil, siapa kamu? Oh, beruntungnya aku, aku juga bisa memakanmu sekarang. Aku sangat lapar.” Singa itu kemudian mengaum.

Kancil berkata, “Aku adalah raja di hutan ini. Aku tidak takut kepada apapun termasuk manusia. Aku akan memakan siapapun yang membuatku marah meski binatang besar sepertimu.”

Sang singa menjadi sedikit ragu dengan kancil.

Singa berkata, “Kamu seorang raja? Aku tak percaya. Bagaimana bisa binatang kecil sepertimu menjadi raja. Apa kau bisa membuktikannya kepadaku?”

Kancil berkata, “Tentu kamu tidak mengenalku. Kamu adalah pendatang baru di sini. Aku adalah raja dan semua binatang di hutan ini menghormatiku karena aku sangat kuat yang tak takut dengan apapun. Kamu bisa bertanya kepada tikus kecil itu jika kamu tidak percaya.”

Singa bertanya kepada tikus, “Apakah hal itu benar, tikus malang?”

Tikus menyadari bahwa kancil berbohong dan mencoba untuk menyelamatkannya.

Tikus berkata, “Iya, itu benar. Ia adalah raja yang sangat pemberani.”

Singa berkata, “Apakah kamu bisa memberikan bukti? Jika kalian berbohong, aku akan memakan kalian.”

Kancil berkata, “Kemarin aku memakan singa dan aku masih menyimpan kepalanya di sebuah lubang di dekat sungai. Jadi, aku tidak takut kepadamu. Ikuti aku untuk melihat kepala temanmu di lubang itu.”

Singa mulai merasa takut. Namun ia merasa malu jika terlihat takut. Sang singa mengikuti kancil pergi ke sebuah lubang di dekat sungai.

Resolusi

Kancil berkata, “Kita sudah sampai. Silahkan melihat kepala singa itu. Tapi kamu harus tahu bahwa aku akan memakan siapapun yang telah melihat kepala singa itu. Jadi bersiaplah.”

Singa itu mulai gemetar. Ia melihat ke dalam lubang itu dengan perasaan takut sehingga ia tak melihat dengan jelas sesuatu di dalam lubang itu kecuali bayangan dari kepalanya sendiri.

Singa itu mengira bahwa bayangannya sendiri merupakan kepala singa yang telah disimpan oleh kancil.

Setelah melihat lubang itu, si singa langsung lari terbirit-birit karena ia takut kancil akan memakan dirinya.

Kancil dan tikus tertawa terbahak-bahak. Tak ada apapun di dalam lubang itu kecuali air yang sangat jernih sehingga siapapun yang melihat ke dalam lubang itu di siang hari, maka mereka akan melihat bayangannya sendiri yang tampak di permukaan air.

Penjelasan:

1. Paragraf pertama berisi Orientation, yaitu pengenalan tokoh-tokoh yang ada pada dongeng Lion dan Kancil.
2. Paragraf kedua berisi Complication, yaitu masalah muncul ketika Kancil mengaku dia adalah raja hutan kepada singa untuk mempertahankan diri.
3. Paragraf ketiga berisi Resolution, yaitu masalah terpecahkan ketika kancil dan tikus berhasil membohongi singa dengan membawanya ke sebuah lubang yang berisi air.

Kingdom of Aceh Pasai Ocean - TBM Ar Rasyid

Kingdom of Aceh Pasai Ocean

Bismillahir Rahmanir Raheem

Based on the news Marcopolo (th 1292) and Ibn Battuta (13th century). In the year 1267 has established the first Islamic kingdom in Indonesia, namely the kingdom of Samudra Pasai. This is also evidenced by the tombstone tomb of Sultan Malik al-Saleh (th 1297) the first King Pasai Ocean.

Sultanate of Pasai Ocean, also known as the Ocean, Pasai, or Ocean Darussalam, the Islamic kingdom located on the northern coast of Sumatra, more or less around the city of Lhokseumawe, North Aceh now. Kingdom of Samudra Pasai standing around the 13th century by Nazimuddin Al Kamil, an Egyptian sea admiral. In the Year 1283 Pasai can ditaklukannnya, then lift Angry Pasai Silu became King's first with the title of Sultan Malik al-Saleh (1285-1297). Tri Nahrasyiah tomb of Ibn Battutah, the famous Muslim traveler from Morocco, noted something very memorable for him while visiting a kingdom on the east coast of Sumatra about the year 1345 AD. After sailing for 25 days from Barhnakar (now entered the territory of Myanmar), Battutah landed in a place that is very fertile. Trading in the area is very developed, characterized by the use of gold currency. He was more amazed because when it comes down to the city he found a very beautiful city surrounded by walls and towers of wood.

Trading town on the coast it is the capital of the Kingdom of Pasai Ocean. Ocean Pasai (or pase if the following designation of local communities) not only noted as a very influential kingdoms in the development of Islam in the archipelago. In the reign of Sultan Malikul Dhahir, Ocean Pasai developed into an international trading center. Its harbor crowded by merchants from Asia, Africa, China, and Europe.

Pasai Ocean triumph in the area Geudong Ocean, North Aceh, beginning with the unification of a number of small kingdoms in the area Peurelak, such as Jungle Jreum and Seumerlang. Malikussaleh Sultan was one of royal descent who conquered several small kingdoms and founded the Indian Empire in 1270 Masehi.Makam Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Abdul Kadir.

He is married with Algae Sari, a daughter of the Islamic empire Peureulak. From the marriage, was born two sons named Malikul Dhahir and Malikul Mansyur. After they grow up, Malikussaleh abdicate to his eldest son Malikul Dhahir. He founded a new kingdom called Pasai. When Malikussaleh died, Malikul Dhahir combine the two kingdoms that became Ocean Pasai.

In the story of his journey to Pasai, Sultan Ibn Battutah Malikul Dhahir describe as a very pious king, generous, humble, and have attention to the poor. Though he has conquered many kingdoms, Malikul Dhahir never be conceited. Her humility was shown while welcoming the king's entourage Ibn Battutah. The guests were seated on a bed of cloth, while he sat on the bare ground without anything.

With his personal mirror is so humble, the Indian king who ruled in the period 1297-1326 Pasai this AD, carved on his tombstone a poem in Arabic, which means, this is the tomb of a noble Malikul Dhahir, light rays world religions.

Recorded, during the 13th century until the early 16th century, Pasai Ocean known as one of the city in the Strait of Malacca to the airport is very busy harbor. Along with Pidie, Pasai become an international trade center with pepper as one of the major export commodities.

It was expected to export pepper Pasai around 8000-10000 hull every year, besides other commodities such as silk, camphor, and the gold brought from the hinterland. Not only the advanced import export trade. As an advanced trade dealers, Ocean Pasai issuing currency as a means of payment. One of them made of gold known as the dirham.

Trade relations with the merchants of the island of Java are also intertwined. Production of rice from Java exchanged with pepper. Javanese traders have a special position in the port of Pasai Ocean. They are exempt from payment of excise duty.

Trade

Aside from being a trading center, Pasai also became the center of the development of Islam in the archipelago. Most Islamic preachers who came to Java and other areas from Pasai.

The close influence of the Kingdom of Pasai Ocean with the development of Islam in Java can also be seen from the history and background of the Wali Songo. Sunan Maulana Kalijaga marry Isaac son, Sultan Pasai. Sunan Gunung Jati persistent alias Fatahillah against Portuguese colonialism was born and raised in Pasai. Admiral Cheng Ho also noted've been to Pasai.

The site is Pasai Ocean Islamic kingdom was very famous in the 1980's, before the conflict in Aceh was heating up and dampen the pilgrims. According to Jacob, the locksmith's grave of Sultan Malik-righteous, big-name the sultan also invited the curiosity of pilgrims from Malaysia, India, to Pakistan. "Countries that used to establish trade relations with Pasai," said Jacob.

Pasai such a long history can still be traced through a number of sites and the royal tombs of the founders

descendants in the tombs of the kings were. The tomb was the only witness for the other relics such as the palace is not there. The tomb of Sultan Malikussaleh and her granddaughter, Queen Nahrisyah, are the two sites belonging to the complex is still maintained. Zahir Malikal tomb.

According to Snouck Hurgronje, a direct relationship with Indonesia new Arabic place during the 17th century kingdom of Samudra Pasai, Bantam, New Demak and Mataram.

Pasai Ocean before becoming an Islamic kingdom located in the port city of Majapahit, which at that time was experiencing setbacks. Once ruled by Muslim princes, the merchants of Tuban, Palembang, Malacca, India, China and others came to trade in Pasai Ocean. According to Ibn Battuta: Pasai Ocean is the most important port and the Palace of the King has been compiled and arranged in beautiful patterns based on Indonesian culture and Islam.

Indian public life Pasai colored by Islamic religion and culture. His government is theocracy (based on the teachings of Islam) most people embraced Islam. King of kings Pasai cultivate friendly relations with Campa, India, China, Majapahit and Malacca. In 1297 Malik Al pious death, and was succeeded by his son Sultan Muhammad (years 1297 to 1326)

better known by the name of Al-Tahir Malik, his successor Sultan Ahmad (years 1326 to 1348), also used the name Al-Tahir Malik, his successor Zainal Abidin.

Raja Zainal Abidin in 1511 was forced to flee and leave his throne refuge in Majapahit, because you are still king of Majapahit. This means kinship with King King of Majapahit Samudra Pasai terbina very good, according to Chinese news mentioned the mid-15th century, Samudra Pasai still sends envoy to China as a sign of bin Hisana persahabatan.makam Naina Naina.

Fatahilah, leading scholars Pasai Trenggono married the sister of the Sultan (King Demak / Unus duke's brother / son Raden Patah). Fatahilah won Sunda Kelapa (June 22, 1522) renamed Jayakarta, also Cirebon and Banten.


Referensi:
http://blora-indonesia.blogspot.com/2011/12/kingdom-of-aceh-pasai-ocean-sejarah.html

Mau Mahir Berbahasa Inggris? berikut 10 cara agar bisa berbahasa Ingris.

masti mau dong bisa berbahasa seperti orang bulek. Bicara soal cepat atau lambat, itu sih relatif. Ada yang menganggap belajar 1 bulan itu cepat, ada juga yang beranggapan satu bulan adalah waktu yang lama untuk hanya belajar bahasa inggris. So, sebaiknya kita fokus pada apa yang kita kerjakan tiap hari. Selama kita rutin latihan, latihan dan latihan, dijamin deh akan cepat jago bahasa inggris. Namun paling tidak, ada 10 cara yang bisa membantu kamu untuk mempercepat waktu belajar. Maksudnya bukan mempersingkat jam belajar ya (karena semakin lama kita belajar, akan semakin matang). Namun belajar bahasa inggris kamu selama ini akan jadi lebih efektif. Yuk kita simak tips 10 Cara Agar Cepat bisa Berbahasa Inggris 

1. Tarik Nafas, lalu SPEAK UP!

Pernah kan, merasa nervous saat akan mau speaking. Meskipun di depan kaca. Semakin kita memikirkan bagaimana nanti saat bicara bahasa inggris, maka kita akan semakin nervous (grogi). Just try speaking more, cobalah untuk bicara, bicara, dan bicara lebih banyak menggunakan bahasa inggris. Coba deh, kalau kamu masuk kelas english, entah itu di sekolah ataupun di tempat kursus bahasa inggris, hitung berapa kali kamu ngomong bahasa inggris. Sampai di rumah, berapa kali ngomong bahasa nggris? Evaluasi lalu tambah lagi intensitas ngomong english-nya. Semakin kita banyak speaking semakin kita mengerti bagaimana speaking dengan baik.

2. Jangan katakan “I don’t Speak English”

Kamu kan lagi belajar bahasa inggris, makanya kamu mencoba berbicara dalam bahasa tersebut. Betul? Nah itu dia yang penting: Speak up! Analoginya begini, apakah kamu bilang “aku nggak bisa masak” lalu kamu nyerah dan nggak pernah lagi kembali ke dapur. atau, kamu bilang “aku nggak bisa pakai komputer apalagi menjalankan programnya” lalu kamu berhenti menggunakan komputer dan kembalike mesin tik. Tentu bukan itu yang kamu lakukan, right? Kalau kita menemui kesulitan, solusinya adalah coba lagi dan belajar lagi, bukan malah meninggalkannya. So please don’t say “I DON’T SPEAK ENGLISH”. Misalnya kamu bertemu dengan orang asing (foreigner), jangan katakan I don’t speak english, tapi ganti dengan alternatif berikut:

• “I am learning English. Could you speak a little slower?” / saya sedang dalam proses belajar, bisakah bicara lebih pelan?
• “I’m sorry, I didn’t understand.” / Maaf, saya tidak mengerti (apa yang kamu katakan)
• “Could you repeat that?” / Bisakah kamu mengulanginya?
• “So, you’re saying that…. [rephrase what you heard]” / Jadi, kamu mengatakan bahwa…. (menegaskan apa yang baru ia katakan)
• “What does _________ mean?” / Apa artinya ……

3. Jangan Mentranslate Kata per Kata

Menerjemahkan setiap kata dalam bahasa inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia akan menghabiskan banyak waktu dan memperlambat progress kita. Jika setiap kita mendengar kalimat lalu menerjemahkannya kata per kata, kita tidak sedang belajar bahasa inggris namun sedang belajar menerjemah. Ketika kita mendengar seseorang bicara bahasa inggris, ada dua hal yang kita lakukan:

• Dengarkan baik-baik kata-kata yang memang kita paham artinya
• Pahami kalimat secara kontekstual. Misalnya, ketika kita mendengar “The city has so many ubiquitous street vendors. So you can find the unique and cheap traditional food everywhere”. Jika kamu tidak tau arti ubiquitous, bisa melihat petunjuk lainnya; misalnya 1) ubiquitous ada sebelum noun, berarti ini adjective 2) kalimat setelahnya menunjukkan mereka ada di mana-mana (everywhere) 3) perhatikan juga kalimat sebelum dan sesudah nya. Kombinasi ini akan memungkinkan kamu mengetahui apa itu ubiquitous, dan sejenisnya.

4. Melatih Telinga untuk Mendengar dan Mengerti

Kita perlu FOKUS dan MENDENGARKAN dengan baik. Latihlah telinga kita untuk mendengarkan kata-kata yang kita ketahui artinya. untuk apa? agar kita terbiasa mendengar. Karena dengan begitu ketika orang bule bicara kita akan paham maksudnya. Jangan fokus pada grammar ataupun satu kata yang kita tidak ketahui artinya. Itu akan memperlambat belajar bahasa inggris. Dengarkan musik, TV, nonton film. Dengarkan baik-baik bagaimana orang-orang membuat kalimat, frasa, dan lainnya. Jika kita melatih telinga kita terbiasa dengan bahasa inggris, kita akan secara otomatis mengerti pembicaraan yang panjang dan cepat seperti para native english speaker. Kita tidak akan bisa fasih bicara bahasa inggris jika hanya fokus pada satu kata yang sulit saja. Pelajarilah vocab, lalu dengarkan lagi, dan seterusnya seperti itu untuk mengatasi keterbatasan vocabulary.

5. Jangan Takut Salah

Rasa Takut bisa membuat kita berhenti belajar bahasa inggris.  Coba renungi pertanyaan ini:

• Apakah kamu berpikir bahwa orang-orang di kelas akan menertawakanmu saat kamu bicara bahasa inggris?
• Apakah kamu jago grammar tapi tidak bisa ngobrol dalam bahasa inggris?
• Apakah kamu menghindari native speaker atau orang-orang yang bahasa inggrisnya lebih bagus dari kamu?

Stop being so afraid to speak English! Kamu harus tetap speaking. Keep calm, santai saja. Kamu harus berhenti berpikir “Gimana kalo nanti….” Daripada berpikir negaif semacam itu, lebih baik kamu action. speak up. No one is perfect. Tidak ada satupun orang sempurna, semua tetap bisa melakukan kesalahan. Semakin sering kamu melakukannya maka akan semakin kamu bisa. So, stop being afraid of making mistakes.

6. Terus Mencoba. Jangan Menyerah

Tahukah kamu bahwa setiap atlit profesional berlatih berkali-kali hingga mereka jago. Mereka tidak dilahirkan dalam wujud seorang atlit, mereka harus melalui latihan, rintangan, tantangan, kegagalan, dan berkali-kali seperti itu. Tidak ada juara renang dan juara sepakbola, bahkan mike tyson pun semua melakukan latihan setiap hari. Jika mereka para jawara, berhenti berlatih, skill mereka akan semakin menurun, dan mereka akan mulai melakukan banyak kesalahan. Artinya apa? Practice makes perfect! latihan akan membuat grafik kita semakin naik. Semakin sering kita latihan speaking, writing, reading dan listening english, maka akan semakin kita bisa melakukannya dengan baik.

7. Siapkan Mini Notebook, Catat Hal Penting

Catat setiap frase, kata, dan kalimat yang baru kita dengar. Mengapa? Karena setelahnya kita akan mempelajarinya. Apa artinya? Bagaimana mengucapkannya? Kapan digunakan? dsb. Next time, ketika kita membutuhkannya kita akan langsung mengingatnya.

8. Stop Negative Self-Talk

Apakah kamu suka bicara sendiri, atau berpikir negatif tentang belajar bahasa inggris? Misalnya:

• Kamu gak akan bisa belajar bahasa inggris
• Kenapa yansaya selalu membuat kesalahan? Saya emang bodoh!
• Saya gak tau apa yang akan saya katakan. Bahasa inggris memang susah!

Jika IYA, maka itu namanya negative self-talk atau bicara hal negatif pada diri sendiri. Bagaimana mengatasinya? Pertama, akui saja bahwa kita memang sedang dalam kondisi yang negatif . Kedua, Ubah statement kita, contohnya:

negative >> Saya gak akan bisa belajar bahasa inggris

positif >> Bahasa inggris emang susah, tapi saya akan terus mencoba. Saya yakin suatu hari saya pasti bisa!

Menjadi pribadi yang positif bisa membantu proses belajar kamu lebih cepat.

10. Try Something New

Apakah selama ini kamu belajar dengan cara yang sama saja? kuno? membosankan? coba hal baru! perubahan sangat bagus lho buat mereka yang sedang belajar. Hal tersebut akan membuat kamu fresh, berkembang, dan lebih cepat progressnya.

Mungkin itu saja tips yang dapat kami rangkum, semoga dengan tips diatas dapat membantu kita dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berbahasa Inggris yang kita miliki.

sekian terimakasih!!

Who Should Govern the School? By Alfiatunnur M.Ed

Who Should Govern the School?

Alfiatunnur M.Ed

 Who Should Govern Our Schools?

 School is a formal agency of education, and it should reflect the culture and the need of the society, deliver knowledge, and build each individual for the future country improvement. Even though the school is only expected to focus on the teaching-learning process, school control is mostly influenced by power and politics.  In the countries, where multiple cultures and diverse population exist, the battle over school’s governance is a big issue.  Basically, it is normal because school is a long life institution, and for some reason, perhaps, school can be the resource to earn money and gain popularity. According to Sydney Hook “ the social and political problems of our age cannot be wished or prayed out of the world” (1973, p.300). So, if I am asked who should govern our school? I would definitely answer that it should be the region (sub district) government.

The battle over the school’s governance is often the result of political interest, which tries to obtain the power over the community. However, it absolutely will not benefit the educational realm.  Then, why should the region or sub district govern the school? It was a hot topic in the educational realm in Aceh, Indonesia.  Aceh is the western part of Indonesia, where the majority of the population is Muslim. Historically, Aceh was an independent Islamic kingdom before integrating into Indonesia. The integration process was followed by an agreement with the central government, which awarded Aceh as one of two special provinces in Indonesia.  As a special province, Aceh was given an opportunity to govern the state based on three special recognitions, which were religion, culture and education.

Unfortunately, the centralization government system, where all the power of control was from central government, had impeded the Aceh province development. It has caused a tremendous problem within the society in Aceh, which increase poverty, conflict and unresolved problems in the educational realm.  The 32 year conflict, which eventually ended peacefully after the tsunami struck Aceh, was not a mere political reaction, but it was the result of unequal income distribution between central government and Aceh government, and the three special recognitions of Aceh did not function optimally. 

Aceh is one of the richest provinces in Indonesia with natural resources, oil and gas, which make a huge income contribution.  Unfortunately, most of the income went to the central government, and only a small portion of income was left in Aceh. In addition, the centralize government system did not give enough opportunity for the Aceh government to optimally apply the three special recognitions of Aceh in the governing system, community and school in Aceh, until the peace agreement was signed and special autonomy then awarded.

Special autonomy was first awarded to the Aceh province in 2001. It offers a broad opportunity for the local government to regulate the system in Aceh. The local government regulation, which is called Canuun, has fully given an opportunity for the Aceh community to apply the three special recognitions for the community improvement. In addition, the most important provision of law is Aceh will receive 70 percent of oil and gas redistribution revenue. The most part of this 70 percent return income goes to support education.

The special autonomy is the sign of the beginning of a new decentralization era, where the provincial government has the authority to regulate the system. The Aceh local government begins to draft every single system of which is covered by the three Aceh special recognitions. It is totally valuable for the educational realm in Aceh. Compared to the centralization government system, it is completely different. Today, the schools have an equal access, and it has widely opened the opportunity for the school to make   improvements.

Learning from experience, I would say that if the local region or sub district governs the school, it will definitely help to develop the school, because:

School Improvement Should be Parallel with Community Development

            Though the system is not centered on the community, the importance of community involvement is still crucial. The community can devote their professional development resource to support an improvement at school level. School professional development should be developed based on the need of both school and community. It indicates that both of them cannot be separated and must work together to achieve the goal.

I myself witnessed, the past centralization government system in Indonesia, had brought negative impact on the educational realm in Aceh. As one of provinces in Indonesia, which is divided into four municipalities and at least ten regencies, are living in a very diverse community. Each group communities need a very diverse skill and knowledge with different approach system to develop their areas. However, the centralization government system had only emerged one idea of improvement, and it had to go with the central government decision.

The offer of special autonomy from the central government has widely opened a gate for the education realm in Aceh.  It is a great opportunity for the regional government to explore the local human resources, natural resources, culture, and religion to develop the school curriculum. Each region also has an authority to hire the teachers, school administration and principals from the local human resources, so they will stay at school forever or at least for a certain time. It has reduced the uncertainty of the school future. Sidney Hook in his book Education and the Taming of Power said “ it is one thing to plan a curriculum of studies with an awareness of the social trends and problems that are shaping the future and that are certain to affect the lives of generation to come” (1973, p.149).

The Regional Government knows what the school’s needs and the community’s expectation

            Another benefit of having the region govern the school is they know what the school needs and also the community’s expectation. Each place has different needs, and to be able to see the needs, they have to be involved in the community. For example, four years ago, the region of North Aceh needed more than a thousand nurses. To secure the health jobs, the region recruited many nurses.

After tsunami struck Aceh, the government had to replace four thousand teachers who died or lost due to the disaster, and each regions had the different number of needs. During an emergency phase, the teachers’ recruitment process was held by the central government. It had impact an unequal teachers distribution. Some schools needed more teachers, but they got less, or they got double for the same course, while others got none.

I am not going to say that the recruitment process at the regional level will be more effective, but at least it can be more efficient and reduce the probability of unequal teachers distribution.

Sustainable System

            Sustainable and effective management system is needed to secure the further school improvement. System designates some kind of thought and structure. During reconstruction phase in Aceh, many non - government organization (NGO) rebuilt the building in Aceh. Some of them were school building. It was much easier for the NGO to fund for building construction, however, thing got change when they begin discussing for a sustainable maintenance. As the funders, of course, they wanted to know who are going to fund the further operational cost, school building and facilities maintenance. The debate ended up with a solid decision, which goes to the regional government, where the buildings are being constructed.  

Secure Financially

            Since the regional government is only accountable for the school in their areas, they can optimally and wisely allocate funds to support the school operational cost. Financial security should be other main factor of keeping the school under regional government. Good financial support leads to an affective school improvement. Although this perhaps the simplest school activity, it will cost money.

Reference

Hook, S. (1973). Education and the taming power. Illinois: Open Court Publishing

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